The Four Principles of Scripture
God created man in His own image, that man might live to display God's glory. But through the fall of humanity, man fell short of the glory of God.
God's plan is to restore humanity to His will—that sinners may repent and turn to God, glorifying Him.
The Law and the Gospel are respectively the core subjects of the Old and New Testaments. Understanding the Law and the Gospel is the key to understanding the Bible.
The purpose of the Law is to use God's righteous, holy, and good Law as a mirror to expose human unrighteousness and illuminate the sin in people's hearts. The Law is the ministry of condemnation and the ministry of death. The Law is good—it teaches us how to love God and love our neighbors—but it is not a basis for salvation through works. Rather, the Law shows us that we are sinners. The ultimate purpose of the Law is to make us see that we cannot save ourselves, and that our hope is in the salvation of Jesus Christ.
The purpose of the Gospel is to provide a path of grace for human sin through the redemptive work accomplished by God's Son, Jesus Christ, on the cross. The New Covenant is the ministry of righteousness and the ministry of the Spirit. Jesus Christ opened for us on the cross a new and living way to God, so that we may be justified by faith in Christ, and so that the Holy Spirit may cleanse us through God's Word, sanctify us, and transform our lives.
Every book of the Bible includes four thematic elements: God's Law, human sin, God's Gospel, and human faith. These four themes are essentially the "Four Principles of Scripture."
Along the narrative axis of Scripture, these four themes unfold progressively step by step along the timeline of the Bible—from Genesis to Revelation, book by book—gradually revealing God's magnificent plan of redemption. These four themes form the introduction, development, climax, and conclusion of the biblical narrative.
Phase One: The Law—God's Standard
In the books of the Law, from creation to the fall, from God's promise to Abraham to His leading of Israel out of Egypt, God gave Israel the Law through Moses, centered on the Ten Commandments, establishing the foundation of the nation of Israel. God promised that obedience to the Law would bring blessing and warned that transgression would bring cursing. This is the standard of God's righteous and holy judgment.
The Ten Commandments:
You shall have no other gods before Me.
You shall not make or worship idols.
You shall not misuse the name of the Lord your God.
Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.
Honor your father and mother.
You shall not murder.
You shall not commit adultery.
You shall not steal.
You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.
You shall not covet your neighbor's house, wife, or possessions.
Phase Two: Israel—Human Sin
Following this, Israel conquered Canaan under Joshua's leadership. However, because of incomplete conquest, they compromised with Canaanite culture, entering the cycle of the Judges—sin, oppression, crying out, and deliverance—and then the Kingdom era. King David, who feared God, became the representative of Israel's monarchy. In the books of Kings, we see Israel's division, decline, and destruction as a result of forsaking God—this is God's judgment and discipline. After seventy years of exile, Israel returned by God's grace; the temple and holy city were rebuilt, but the throne of David was never fully restored. They lived with the hope of the Messiah, through four hundred silent years, awaiting the coming of the Anointed One.
Phase Three: The Gospel—God's Salvation
The Gospel is the Messiah's arrival—Israel's hope was finally realized in Christ Jesus. He is the perfect culmination of Israel's history, for He came to save His people from their sins. God sent His Son to earth, incarnate, proclaiming the Gospel of the kingdom of God. Though sinless, He died for our sins on the cross, rose on the third day, ascended after forty days, and sits at the right hand of the throne of God as King. The Davidic throne pointed to the Messiah—the King of kings from everlasting to everlasting.
Phase Four: The Church—Human Faith
At Pentecost, the Holy Spirit was poured out, coming to dwell in the hearts of believers, so that Christ may reign in our hearts through faith. The Holy Spirit came to glorify Christ and to establish His Lordship in our hearts. He personally governs our lives and leads our paths—this is the true meaning of Christ's kingship and the kingdom of God, and this is the real purpose of Pentecost. God calls a people to Himself. He will cleanse the church with water through the Word, preparing the church as a holy bride for the coming of Christ. He will return, reign over all the earth, and ultimately God's kingdom will come in full.
The Biblical Books Corresponding to the Four Phases
The Books of the Law emphasize the declaration of God's holy and righteous Law. The Law is both God's way and the code that makes people conscious of sin.
The Historical Books, Prophets, and Wisdom Literature emphasize the effects of the Law: blessing for obedience and judgment for transgression.
Historical Books: Conquest of Canaan, the Judges, the United Kingdom, the Divided Kingdom, Exile, and Return.
Prophets: Messages of judgment and comfort—preparing the way for Christ.
Wisdom Literature: The anatomy of God's people's inner lives—the poetry of life and the wisdom of living.
The Gospels emphasize the Gospel of God's salvation—Jesus Christ, incarnate, dying for our sins on the cross, rising from the dead, opening a new and living way, becoming the Mediator between God and humanity.
Acts, the Epistles, and Revelation emphasize the three-part journey of receiving salvation: justification by faith, sanctification of life, and the glorious hope to come.
Acts: The founding of the church—missionary history from Jerusalem to the Gentiles. This is the church's beginning.
Epistles: Letters to the churches, teaching the way of life in faith and practice, preparing the church as the holy bride for the Lord's return.
Revelation: The Lord's return and the glorious hope—the wedding feast of the Lamb and the Bride. This is the church's destination.
The narrative order of Scripture itself carries theological significance. Thus, by studying the books in biblical order, one can perceive God's grand purposes and His wonderful wisdom.
| Phase | Theme | Focus | Biblical Books |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Law | God's Standard | God's holy and righteous commandments | The Law (Torah) |
| 2. Israel | Human Sin | Israel's failure, God's judgment and hope | Historical Books, Prophets, Wisdom Literature |
| 3. Gospel | God's Salvation | Redemption through Jesus Christ | The Gospels |
| 4. Church | Human Faith | Life in the Spirit and preparing for Christ's return | Acts, Epistles, Revelation |
Structural Comparison of the Four Phases
| Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Phase 3 | Phase 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Theme | The Law | Israel | The Gospel | The Church |
| Focus | God's Standard | Human Sin | God's Salvation | Human Faith |
| Emphasis | God's holy and righteous commandments | Israel's failure and God's judgment and hope | Redemption through Jesus Christ | Life in the Spirit and preparing for Christ's return |
| Books | The Law (Torah) | Historical Books, Prophets, Wisdom Literature | The Gospels | Acts, Epistles, Revelation |
Old Testament Canonical Classifications
Christian Classification
| Category | Books |
|---|---|
| The Pentateuch | Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy |
| Historical Books | Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1 & 2 Samuel, 1 & 2 Kings, 1 & 2 Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther |
| Wisdom/Poetry | Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs |
| Major Prophets | Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel |
| Minor Prophets | Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi |
Jewish Classification
| Category | Books |
|---|---|
| Torah (The Law) | Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy |
| Nevi'im (The Prophets) | (1) Former Prophets: Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings (2) Latter Prophets: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the Twelve (Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi) |
| Ketuvim (The Writings) | (1) Poetry: Psalms, Proverbs, Job (2) The Scrolls: Song of Songs, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther (3) Historical: Daniel, Ezra-Nehemiah, Chronicles |
New Testament Canonical Classifications
| Category | Books |
|---|---|
| The Gospels | Matthew, Mark, Luke, John |
| Historical Book | Acts |
| Epistles | (1) Pauline Epistles: Romans, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 & 2 Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon (2) General Epistles: Hebrews, James, 1 & 2 Peter, 1, 2 & 3 John, Jude |
| Prophecy | Revelation |
The Four Principles as a Hermeneutical Framework
The Four Principles of Scripture are derived from the macro-narrative of the Bible, revealing a biblical principle. The Old Testament's historical context unfolds the meaning of the New Testament—for the Old Testament is the preparation for the New, and the New Testament is the fulfillment of the Old. The Old is the shadow; the New is the reality.
The Law and the Gospel are, on the one hand, contrasting; on the other hand, their relationship is continuous. They are not opposites but two movements in one unified redemptive story.
The Law → reveals God's standard → exposes sin → drives us to Christ
The Gospel → reveals God's grace → justifies us through faith → transforms us into His image
"For the law was given through Moses; grace and truth came through Jesus Christ." — John 1:17
"So the law was our guardian until Christ came that we might be justified by faith." — Galatians 3:24